Ingenieria Petrolera - Manual de Perforación Direccional para la Calculadora HP 50G

Easydrill is a Survey and Planning program specifically designed for the directional driller in the field. At the touch of a couple of buttons, the DD can project ahead in any of 15 different ways and then instantly (numerically) plot the well's trajectory against a pre-defined plan. A unique slide projection algorithm allows projections to the bit using the natural rotating build up tendency of the BHA as well as the sliding dogleg severity.
A hydraulics program is also provided.

Installation:


HP48:	If you have version 49.2 or higher, then simply turn the calculator off, insert the card and turn the calculator back on. The program will install itself automatically. For previous versions, turn the calculator off, insert the ROM card into slot 1 (the program will run from slot 2 although slower). Turn the calculator back on. Press [a ] twice, type MMENU and press [ENTER]. The Main Menu should be showing on the screen. Alternately press [right shift] [LIBRARY], then press the [EASYD] menu key and finally the [MME] menu key.
HP49:	The program (L776, L777, L778) should be installed in Port 2 (Flash ROM) and a warm start performed by pressing the [ON] key and while holding it down, pressing the [C] key then release both.

Installation creates the "EASY" directory and all the necessary variables. If you run other programs on your calculator, make sure you do so in another directory. home

1.0 CALCULATOR OPERATION.

Although awesome looking at first, the calculator is quite simple to operate. The only keys that will generally be used are: the top 6 Menu keys, the [ENTER] key, the [CST] (custom menu) key, the [ON]/[CANCEL] key, the [+/-] key and the number keys. (Note: in this manual the menu keys are followed by a letter (A) through (F) to distinguish them from regular calculator keys.)


HP49:	Pressing [left shift] [MODE](H) key is equivalent to pressing the [CST] key on the HP48

To stop Easydrill and access the calculator, press the [ON][CANCEL] key (think of the [ON] key like the Esc key on your PC)

To restart Easydrill there are several options:

Press the [svy] (A) menu key. If this option is not visible then press the [CST] (custom menu) key. (Left shift [MODE](H) on the 49)

If for some rare reason the above option is not available, then type [a ] MMENU [ENTER].
Finally, if all else fails, you may force restart the program by performing a "Warm Start" as described in the calculator manual: Press the [ON] key and while holding it down, press the [C] key, then release both keys. The main menu will be accessed.
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HP49:	This calculator works just as well in algebraic as RPN mode. The default mode (factory set) is algebraic. To switch to RPN mode, press [MODE](H) and then [+/-] and [OK]

2.0 ENTERING A WELL FILE.

While in the Main menu, access the Survey menu by pressing the [SVYM] (A) key. The program prompts for the name of a new or existing well file. (The same function can be accessed by, pressing the [NEW] (E) key while in the Tie-On/Modes Edit Menu, see below). Well names can be any combination of letters and numbers, the first character cannot be a number, and also it is suggested that you use capital letters only to make the names DOS compatible. Although there is no reasonable limit to name lengths, you’ll find it convenient to keep names to a maximum of five characters. You may not use a name that is an HP48/49 built in function or the name of a variable that Easydrill uses for its operation. An error will occur and a "NAME NOT ALLOWED" message will appear. You will be given another chance to use a different name. home

2.1 After 2.0 above, if previously entered well files exist, simply press [ENTER], then use the up/down arrow keys to highlight the desired well file, press [OK] (F) or [ENTER] to choose. If no previous well files exist, then you must enter the name of a new well at this point. home example

2.2 If you enter the name of a nonexistent well, you will be prompted to enter the Tie-On coordinates, origin reference point, vertical section reference point, measure units, dogleg course length and calculation method. The last menu in this sequence gives you the option to review and edit all the entered data, accept as is, or reject completely. home example

After you accept the data as entered, you are prompted to enter the well's target(s), and vertical section plane azimuth.

2.3 A well's tie-on and slot coordinates must reflect the common reference point for all the wells in the structure. The following conventions are used as per customer preference: example If the survey file starts at surface, there are two ways in which the origin coordinates can be referenced:

One option is for the tie-on rectangular coordinates to be referenced to the corresponding slot, in this case the initial coordinates will be (0,0), because both the actual well origin and the point where measurement start are the same. In this case the program will prompt for the slot coordinates because these in turn determine the offset from a common reference point, the platform center for example. If the tie-on rectangular coordinates are referenced to the platform center, then the well's initial coordinates must be those of the physical origin (slot). In this case the program will not prompt for the slot coordinates since they will be implicit in the entered tie-on coordinates. home

The 2D-3D projections (see below) allows projections to be made to the path of another well. If the target well is not on the current structure, then its slot coordinates should be modified to reflect the relative coordinates of the object well's reference point with respect to the current well's reference point:

If both (target and current) wells have their coordinates referenced to their respective slots, then the target well's slot coordinates should be modified to reflect their relative displacement from the current well's origin coordinates.

If both wells are referenced to the respective platform centers, then the object well's reference should be the slot anyway, its slot coordinates should reflect the relative coordinates of the object and current wells' reference points.

2.4 The targets are identified by name (which can be a number). In this manner, you can enter some of the wells critical points (ex: end of build up, casing points, etc.) as targets, and easily identify and choose them by name (or acronym: EOBU).

The maximum number of targets is limited only by calculator memory. home

2.5 To delete an existing target, highlight the Edit Existing Tgts. option, choose the target then press the [CANCL] (E) menu key (the [ON][CANCEL] key has the same function). Note the message on the screen.

2.6 After all the tie-on parameters and targets are entered, the Tie-On/Modes edit menu is displayed. Press the appropriate menu key to review/edit any of the entered parameters or press the [SVYM] (F) key to return to the Survey Menu. home

3.0 ENTERING/CALCULATING SURVEYS.

While in the Survey menu, press the [SURV] (A) menu key.

You will be prompted to enter the next measured depth, inclination and direction. Enter as many surveys as you have available. The number of surveys is limited only by calculator memory. An average well file will occupy ± 4000 bytes, over 40 survey files can be stored. Type [a ] MEM [ENTER] to find out how much memory you have available.

Note that when prompted for a new survey MD, the default value showing is the previously entered MD.

To terminate survey entry, simply press [ENTER] without entering a new MD. home example

3.1. If you wish to delete the last entered station, when the default (previous) MD is displayed simply press the [+/-] key to make the default (previous) MD negative and press [ENTER]. Note that when the prompt for the next MD appears, a message in the menu area reads: - MD GOES BACK TO PREV example

3.2 After survey entry is terminated, the program will start the calculations. A list of the form {MD Inc Azm} at the top of the display will show the survey currently being calculated. Press any key (except [ON]) to pause and show the survey results at that station.

While the survey results are displayed, the menu area will offer the following choices:

(A). Continue with calculations
(C) Print a copy of the LCD display on the HP thermal printer (HP48 only)
(D) Access the anticollision menu
(F) Return to the Survey Menu.

If no key is pressed while calculations are ongoing, the program will calculate to the bottom of the survey file and show only the results of the last survey. home

4.0 EDITING THE SURVEY FILE

To access the Edit menu, press the [EDIT] (D) key on the Survey menu. To access the following editing options

4.1 [TIE] (D) used to edit any of the Tie-On parameters or targets, or to enter a new well file.

4.2 [CHNG] (A) used to change an existing survey station, or insert a new one. Simply enter the depth of the survey to be changed or inserted. Note: If, for example, a survey depth is 3456.7 then the program will also recognize 3456 (3456.7 truncated) or 3457 (3456.7 rounded). If the depth is found, then, besides being able to modify the inclination and azimuth, you may also change the depth of that survey, (as long as the new value lies between the previous and following surveys.). This avoids having to delete a survey and then reenter it with a slightly different MD. If the specified depth is not found, then you are given the option to insert a survey at that depth. home

4.3 [ DEL ] (B) used to delete a survey station.

4.4 At any time during its operation, the program keeps track of the coordinates of only two surveys: the Tie-On and the current calculated station (Survey Pointer position). All other survey stations are stored in the form {MD Inc Azm} only.
To obtain the well's coordinates at any point on its path, the program calculates backward or forward through the surveys as needed. Normally the Survey Pointer is set to the bottom of the survey file, but in some cases it may be useful to have it set at some other point on the well path (ex: sidetrack).
Note that regardless of where the survey pointer is set, new surveys are always appended to the end of the survey file.

4.5 [GoTo](D) Used to move the survey pointer backward or forward through the survey file's stations, and optionally create an interpolated survey. At the prompt, enter a negative number, to move the survey pointer back the specified number of stations (note the -1 default). Enter a positive number, to move the survey pointer to the MD with that value. If the chosen depth is not found, then the pointer is set to the next shallower survey, and an interpolated survey is created at the specified depth. This interpolated survey then becomes the first survey in the temporary projections file. Enter a 0 to reset the survey pointer to the Tie-On. Entering an MD greater than the current survey, initiates survey entry mode. As with normal (forward) survey calculation, you may press any key to pause and show intermediate results, the same menu options, as with forward survey calculation, will be available. home example

4.6 [RANG] (C) used to delete a range of stations starting with the bottom survey. Use [GoTo] to set the survey pointer to the station prior to the beginning of the range to be deleted.

4.7 Every time the calculation method is changed, the survey pointer is automatically reset to the Tie-On. To recalculate the survey file to bottom, simply access the survey entry mode and press [ENTER] without entering a new survey.

4.8 [VIEW] (E) (on the Survey menu) used to view all the survey stations ({MD INC AZ} , the last six survey stations, or the current (pointed) survey coordinates. home example

5.0.0 PROJECTIONS (GENERAL)

5.0.1 When the Projections Menu is initially accessed from the Survey menu, a temporary projections file is created which uses the current (pointed) coordinates of the current well as its Tie-On. For most practical applications the current survey will be the bottom survey. On all subsequent project ahead routines, you are given the option to append the latest projection to the temporary projections file.

5.0.2 The Projections Options menu is accessed automatically when exiting any of the project ahead routines and offers the following options: example

5.0.3 [SV® P] (A) project from SURVEY: Re-initializes the temporary projections file and projects from the current coordinates on the current well file. home example

5.0.4 [PR® P] (B) project from PROJECTION: Projects from the bottom of the temporary projections file and optionally appends any further projections to it.

5.0.5 [ANTI] (C) Performs Anticollision or Numeric plotting (traveling cylinder) from the bottom of the temporary projections file.

5.0.6 [VIEW] (D) Allows you to view the temporary projections file stations; the same way as the [VIEW] function in the Survey menu. This option also allows you to delete the bottom interval from a temporary projections file. For example, if the current projection is composed of a build section and a slant section, you can delete the slant section and then project ahead from the bottom of the build section. Of course, after you delete the slant section then the build section becomes the bottom interval and you could, if desired, subsequently delete it too. home

5.0.7 [FILE] (E) allows you to make a permanent (named) file from the temporary projections file. You are given the option to interpolate this file in intervals of your choice. This can be useful if eventually you might wish to create a survey listing of the plan you just created. The default interpolation interval is NONE. example home

The program prompts for a file name. If you use the current well’s file name, the program gives you the option to append the projections to it.

There are two cases in which the program will not allow you to append a projections file to the current file:

If the survey pointer is not set to the bottom of the current file.
If the calculation method for the current file is Radius of Curvature. In this case, since all the projections are done using the Minimum Curvature Method, it would result in a file with mixed calculation methods.

If you use the name of any other existing well file, then you are given the option to replace it.
Lastly, you are given the option to make the new file also the current file.

Note that the Projections Options menu is accessible only if the temporary projections file is not empty. home example

THE PROJECTIONS MENU

5.1 [® TRG] (A) (C.L./Inc/Azm and continuous curve projection to a target). Two modes are available:

a) Tgt. Tolerance:

Use the arrow keys to select a target. Obtain the straight-line distance to the center of the target and the inclination and azimuth to the center and the outer, inner, left and right edges. A second result screen shows the BUR and Walk rates to the 5 critical points. home

b) Spec. Tgt. Point (Specified target point.): example example(2)

The first screen in this routine shows the default target and the default offsets (*). You are given the option to accept the default or change it. Pressing the [CHNG](E) menu key allows you to choose another target and/or its offsets.

The target offset can be best understood by the following example: suppose the target is a horizontal drain, you’ve entered the drain’s entry point coordinates, the drain is 100' wide x 2500' long x 12' thick.

You wish to make a continuous curve projection (straight distance, curved distance, incl, azim, BUR, Walk) to the left outer upper corner of the drain starting from the current survey coordinates.

Then:

Right/Left distance = -50' ( 1/2 the width)

Out/In distance = 2500'

Down/Up distance = -6' ( 1/2 the height) home

A solution is provided in two stages. The first screen represents the Radius of Curvature solution, and it is close enough for most practical applications. Pressing the [MCUR] (A) menu key will provide the Minimum Curvature solution which is suitable for appending to the temporary projections file.

Note: The Right/Left distance is measured from the target co-ordinates along a line perpendicular to the vertical section plane, the Out-In distance is measured from the target co-ordinates along a line parallel to the vertical section plane. It is therefore imperative that the correct V.S. angle be stored in order that the target shifts work correctly.

The target rotation angle is specified at the time the target is inputted and is specified in degrees Right or Left(-) from the vertical section plane. Access the "Help" option while entering the target to get a graphical explanation of the target rotation.

The chosen coordinates are displayed before the projection is made. home

The Up/Down distance is measured from the target’s TVD.

5.2 [® MD] (B) (BUR/WALK to a specified M.D. or Inc/Walk at a specified M.D. or Inc/Azm at a specified M.D.)

The option is given to project by:

B.U.R and Walk, in which case these parameters are specified. If the survey pointer is set to the bottom of the survey file, then the default BUR/Walk rates are obtained from the last and next to last surveys (extrapolated). If the survey pointer is not at TD then the default rates are obtained from the current survey and the one immediately following it (interpolated).
Incl. and Azim, in which case the Inc/Azm at the specified MD are entered. (Just like a normal survey but saved in the temporary projections file.) home example
Incl. and Walk in which case the inclination at the specified MD and the expected walk to that MD are specified.
Create Interpolated survey: Same as the GoTo function, see below

5.3 [® TVD] (C) (BUR/Walk to a Specified T.V.D. or Inc/Azm at a specified TVD or N-S/E-W co-ordinates at a specified TVD) or DLS and TFO at a specified TVD. Enter the TVD to project to (or choose a target to get its TVD.) and then choose the desired projection mode.

The project by BUR/Walk option has several modes of operation:

The default values of BUR/Walk are interpolated or extrapolated as with the [® MD] projections. The program first converts the BUR/Walk values to an equivalent DLS/TFO and then uses these to project to the desired TVD. Conversion to a DLS/TFO will compensate for the fact that the Walk decreases with increasing inclination. If the desired TVD cannot be reached with the entered values (because the DLS is so large that the well trajectory would reach 90° at a point above the desired TVD) then the program calculates the maximum DLS that will still reach the target while using the calculated TFO. If you press the [MAXI] (A) menu key at the BUR? prompt, the program will next prompt you for a TFO (not a walk rate) and then calculate the maximum DLS that will still reach the target (at 90°) with the specified TFO. Note the message on the screen. Press the [CONT] (A) key to conclude the calculation using the calculated maximum DLS, or the [ABORT] (C) key to return to the projections menu. home

Example 1: Suppose you are drilling a horizontal well with a double tilt BHA. The well inclination is about 45° and the BHA is building too much. You wish to find the TFO from high side that will reduce the BUR such that the trajectory will reach 90° at the desired TVD: Access the [® TVD] projection option and press the [MAXI] menu key.

At the TFÐ ? prompt try various TFO values until the maximum DLS is close to the value generated by the BHA. Save the resulting projection in the temporary projections file. Project from projection and use the [® TRG] (project to target) option to find the azimuth to the outer right (or left) corner of the target to determine the instantaneous turn you might need to stay within the target’s boundaries. Check example 5 below for a continuation of this example.

Example 2: Suppose you are drilling the slant section of a "J" well, you wish to know how far from the target center will the well path be by the time it crosses the target plane. Access the [® TVD] option to project to the desired target TVD. Use the default BUR and Walk calculated by the program from the last and next to last surveys. After the projection is complete, (take note of the resulting coordinates and plot them if you wish) access the project from projection option and press the [® TRG] menu key, project to the target center. The resulting straight line distance is how far the well path is from the target center at the target plane. home example

5.4 [OUIJA] (D) used to accesses the Ouija board and Slide projections routines.

5.5 Two Ouija board routines are available by pressing:

[IN+A® ] (A): Enter initial and final Inc/Azm; obtain dogleg and effective tool face.

Example 3: From example 1 above enter the instantaneous turn required to get the well path within the boundaries of the target. Obtain the instantaneous dogleg this turn represents.

[D+T® ] (B): Enter initial Inc/Azm, DLS, TFO and C.L.; obtain final Inc/Azm. Note that the default initial Inc/Azm are taken from the current survey. If you use the default Inc/Azm this function produces a projection that can be appended to the temporary projections file. This is particularly useful if you wish to add a "correction" to your well path. home example

5.6 [SLIDE] (C) menu key in the dogleg menu accesses the Slide Projection routine.

The purpose of this routine is to:

Combine the available survey data along with the slide and rotating interval data to obtain an estimated rotating build up rate (RBUR) and Sliding DLS (SDLS), which in turn are used to calculate the best possible projected inclination and azimuth at TD. The RBUR is assumed to act upon the whole interval between the previous survey and TD, the SDLS is assumed to act only on the slid interval(s) between the previous survey and TD.

Use the above results to determine the slide C.L. necessary, in the next kelly or stand, to obtain the desired trajectory change. home example

5.6.1 While in the Slide Projection menu, press the [EDIT] (C) key to enter the slide intervals. Use the [ADD] (A), [ DEL ] (B), [VIEW] (C), [ALLC] (E) (all clear) keys as required. The intervals need not be entered in order, they will be ordered automatically (deepest last). The program will not accept overlapping slide intervals. The last 5 entered intervals are saved; the rest are discarded. Press [MENU] (F) to return to the Slide Projection menu.

5.6.2 Press [BOTTO] (A) to project to bottom. At the first prompt enter the Directional sensor to TD distance, (sensor to bit distance plus stick up). The Bore-hole geometric correction required by the next prompt is intended to compensate for the fact that the MWD seems to read deeper (because of the way it lies in the hole). In effect, a survey taken a few feet above the actual start of a slide will show some of the curvature of that slide. Conversely, if a survey is taken a few feet above the end of a slide, then a subsequent survey may not show the expected curvature from those last few feet of slide.

The Geometric correction effectively shifts down the survey depths by the specified amount. Adequate values are 9' for 17.5", 6' for 12.25" and 3' for 8.5" holes (use 3, 2 and 1 respectively if measurements are in meters.) You may also take some check surveys to see how far ahead the MWD seems to be reading with the particular BHA you are using. home

Next, an estimated rotating build up rate (RBUR) is entered. It is not always possible to know the RBUR accurately. Normally, if the steerable BHA is a lock-up or the inclination is very low, then the RBUR can safely be estimated as zero. In other cases, it may be possible to take surveys in a rotated section of hole to obtain an RBUR estimate.

After the RBUR is entered, the program goes on to calculate and display the slide C.L. between the current and previous surveys and then the effective SDLS (Sliding Dogleg) and TFO. Remember that the survey depths are shifted down by the geometric correction and the slide C.L.’s will reflect this. Next, you are prompted to accept or not the calculated SDLS. If you change the SDLS value, then the program recalculates the RBUR to fit the survey and slide/rotate interval data. home example

5.6.3 Example 4: A build up (near bit only) steerable BHA is run from vertical to 90°. The Tilt angle on the motor is set such that it should generate a DLS of 6°/100'. The well plan requires a BUR of 4°/100'. You have slid about 60% of the hole up to this point and the current inclination is 9°. The Slide projection routine has calculated an SDLS of 6.5°/100' consistently. You decide to slide 60% of the next kelly.
The next survey shows that not only do you get more build than in the previous intervals but also the calculated SDLS is 7.5°/100'. It is safe to assume that with 9° inclination, the BHA has a certain tendency to build on its own and the extra inclination came from the BHA's natural RBUR. Enter an SDLS value of 6.5°/100' to force the program to recalculate the RBUR (which you have been assuming to be zero up to this point). The new recalculated value of the RBUR should be 0.6°/100'. Repeat this process as you drill ahead. As the inclination increases, so will the RBUR. By assuming that the SDLS remains constant, you can calculate the increase in RBUR with inclination and reduce the Slide C.L. accordingly.

Once the RBUR and SDLS values are satisfactory, continue with the program sequence.

Note: Some schools of thought argue that the increased SDLS occurs due to the three point geometry effect whereby the third (upper) contact point moves down as the inclination increases and the BHA flexes more. The converse effect occurs when the well is nearly vertical and the SDLS is very low because the third contact point is very far away. In reality this is only partially true. Whichever reason you attribute to the increase in SDLS with inclination, you will find that using the slide projection algorithm, which considers the Sliding DLS and the Rotating BUR as two independent effects, will provide the best possible guess based on the available data. home

5.6.4 The next prompt informs you the Slide C.L. from the current survey to TD. The default SDLS/TFO and RBUR are obtained from the calculation above. If you recall that (in the interval below the survey) the tool faces were more erratic or you purposely turned the TF to get some extra turn, then you may modify the SDLS/TFO. The final result is the projected survey at TD and is derived from the addition of the RBUR and the SDLS over the Slide C.L. between the current survey and TD.

Append this survey to the temporary projections file, and access the Project from Projection option. Use the other projection routines in the program to determine the amount of build and turn needed in the next kelly or stand.

5.6.5 Return to the Slide Projection program and press the [NEXT] (B) key to determine the necessary slide C.L. and TFO (within the next kelly or stand) to obtain the desired Inc/Azm change. Note that the default values of Inc/Azm at TD, and RBUR/SDLS are obtained from the [BOTTO] routine calculation above, but you may modify them if you wish. home

The following criteria are used in the calculations:

If the required Inc/Azm change can be achieved then the necessary slide C.L. and TFO are calculated.
If the required Inc. change can be achieved but the Azm. change cannot, (because the BHA simply cannot generate the necessary curvature) then you are alerted to this fact and the maximum TFO offset from highside (or lowside), that will still provide the desired inclination change (in the specified C.L.) is calculated.
If the desired inclination change cannot be achieved, then you are alerted to this fact and the maximum inclination. change with TFO = 0 is calculated

Note: For simplicity, the rotating walk rate is assumed to be zero.

You may use the [NEXT] routine independently of the bottom projection routine. Consider it as another type of dogleg projection. Enter the starting Inc/Azm at the first input form, next, enter the next kelly or stand length, at the next input form enter the expected SDLS and RBUR (if any), and finally enter the desired inclination and azimuth change. The program will calculate the necessary slide C.L. & TFO to obtain the desired results. If the program alerts you that the desired Inc/Azm change cannot be achieved, then rerun the routine with a greater kelly length. In other words, you will have to slide your current Kelly as well as part of the next one. home example

Example 5: From example 3, use the [NEXT] option to calculate how much sliding will be necessary to get the desired turn. Next, from the Ouija board menu, access the [D+T® ] option. Enter the expected SDSL (RBUR=0 in this case) the initial Inc/Azm, the TFO and C.L. just calculated by [NEXT]. Append this latest projection to the temporary projections file. Use the [® TRG] to project to the outer corners of the target again. If you still need some turn to stay within the target, it is because the calculation was now made assuming a non-instantaneous turn. If the situation is critical then repeat the process as described in examples 3 and 5

5.7 COMPLEX PROJECTIONS

While in the projections menu. press [2D-3D] (E) The first prompt allows you to choose a point on the path of another well or plan as the target. Enter the name of the well and the TVD or M.D. at which you wish to intercept it. If later if you choose a 3D two curve projection to a specific Inc/Azm, then the default Inc/Azm will be those of the target well at the point of interception.

The origin offset between the two wells will be taken into consideration, so choose the slot coordinates and/or tie-on coordinates accordingly as explained in section 2.3.

Note that the target well must have increasing TVD so that only one set of coordinates exists at the specified TVD. You cannot specify a TVD at which the target well is horizontal since many coordinates exist for one TVD, also, if the well has an inclination greater than 90° since it could be that two sets of coordinates exist for a specified TVD.

If you don't choose another well path as the target, then the target will be chosen from the current well's target set. You will be allowed to specify a target offset as with the [® TRG] projection. home

The next prompt allows you to choose between a 3D or 2D projection. If you choose 2D then the projection will be performed by default along a line parallel to the current vertical section plane (however, the projection plane can be temporarily modified if desired), to do this, the program:

1. Inserts a survey to the temporary projections file with the same M.D. and inclination as the previous temporary projections file survey (or the current survey if not previous projections exist), but with the V.S. (or chosen) azimuth. The program is designed to ignore the infinite dogleg that might result from this.

2. Calculates the right/left offset of the well path with respect to the plan line, and finds the coordinates at the chosen target which are offset by that amount. These are the coordinates the program will use to aim at. (these coordinates as well as the right/left offset are displayed )

3. A special case occurs if the well path in inclined in a direction opposite the V.S. azimuth, as in the case of a horizontal well that is kicked off in the opposite direction in order to provide more room (vertical section) to land the well. In this case, if the well direction is 180° ± 10° from the vertical section azimuth, a survey with the same M.D. and inclination will be inserted but with an azimuth exactly 180° from the vertical section azimuth.

4. After the 2D approximation survey is inserted, the program displays the instantaneous 2D error that inserting this survey creates, and gives you the option to accept it or not. If you find this error unacceptable, the projections menu is accessed and you can add a "correction" interval before you go on with the 2D projection. home

When specifying the target offset parameters, the right/left option is not available since the right/left offset is fixed.

Examples:.

a) Suppose the V.S. azimuth is due North. The bottom survey from which you wish to project is:

MD= 1000, Inc= 25°, Azim= 3°

Then the first two surveys in the temporary projections file will be:

MD INC AZM

1000 25 3

1000 25 0 (the VS plane) home

b) The bottom survey from which you wish to project is:

MD= 1000, Inc= 25°, Azim= 185°

Then the first two surveys in the temporary projections file will be:

MD INC AZM

1000 25.0 185.0

1000 25.0 180.0

c) The bottom survey from which you wish to project is:

MD= 1000, Inc= 25°, Azim= 165°

Then the first two surveys in the temporary projections file will be:

MD INC AZM

1000 25.0 165.0

1000 25.0 0.0 home

Note that in this last case a survey with azimuth = 0° was inserted rather than 180° this is because the bottom azimuth is 165° which is more than 10° from the 180° (which is the opposite direction of the V.S. azimuth). Since the instantaneous 2D projection error in this case would be unacceptable, you might insert a correction to bring the azimuth closer to 180°.

The next prompts require you to enter the values of the initial and final DLS.

Five similar permutations exist in either the 2D or 3D modes:

DLS1 = nn and DLS2 = 0: (J profile, 2D or 3D)

The projection will be of the form: curve then hold to a target. example

DLS1 = 0 and DLS2 = nn: (inverted J profile: (Hold then Build), 2D or 3D)

The projection will be of the form: hold then curve to a target.

DLS1 = nn and DLS2 = nn: ("S" Profile, 2D or 3D)

The projection will be of the form: curve then hold then curve to a target at a specified Inc/Azm. If earlier you chose the 2D projection option, then you may not specify the azimuth at the target since it is determined by the vertical section plane. home example

As a rule, if you specify a number for DLS1 and DLS2 then they are always positive independently of whether the inclination increases or decreases in the corresponding interval, nevertheless, if you enter a negative DLS where it is not applicable the program will ignore the negative sign.

Two more permutations are available which allow the final inclination and azimuth to be specified (in 2D mode, only the inclination can be specified)

DLS1 = nn and DLS2 = ? (or BUR1 = ± nn and BUR2 = ? if in 2D mode. Negative BUR must be specified in this case):

The projection will be of the form: Curve at a specified rate then curve at a calculated rate to reach
the target at a specified inclination (and azimuth if 3D). The program calculates DLS2 (± BUR if in 2D mode), length of the second curve section and the inclination/azimuth at the inflection point. The two curves are contiguous and not joined by a hold section.

DLS1 = ? and DLS2 = nn ( or BUR1 = ? and BUR2 = ± nn if in 2D mode, Negative BUR must be specified in this case):

The Projection will be of the form: Curve at a calculated rate then curve at a specified rate to reach the target at a specified inclination (and azimuth if 3D). The program calculates DLS1 (± BUR if in 2D mode), length of the initial curve section and the inclination at the inflection point. The two curves are contiguous and not joined by a hold section. home example

Two permutations are available in 2D mode only

BUR1 = ? and BUR2 = 0 :

The projection will be of the form: Curve then hold a specified inclination to a target. The program calculates the necessary BUR1 (± ) and length of hold section.

BUR1 = 0 and BUR2 = ? :

The projection will be of the form: Hold then curve to a specified inclination at the target. The program calculates the necessary BUR2 (± ) and length of hold section.

In all 7 cases the inflection point(s) coordinates can be displayed.

After calculation is complete, you are presented with the 3D Projections menu, from it you can make new projections by entering new DLS1/DLS2 values or you may start from scratch. The [REVU] (D) key allows you to review all the projections you've made, however, only the last one will be available for appending to the temporary projections file.

The algorithms normally will detect whether a solution can be found, however, it is possible that the calculation will go on indefinitely. In such a cases, press [ON] to abort calculations, and return to the 3D projections menu. home

6.0 ANTICOLLISION/NUMERIC PLOTTING (Traveling cylinder)

Accessed by pressing the [ANTI] (C) key on the Survey menu or the Projection options menu and also while survey results are displayed. The distance to the object well(s) is measured from the current survey on the current well or from the bottom of the temporary projections file. Before this routine can be run, you must choose the object well(s). Press the [CHOOS] (D) key on the Anticollision menu and enter a "1" or a "2" at the input fields. If an object well is chosen by entering a 1 at its input field, then the program will calculate:

3D minimum distance.
The Inc/Azm to the closest point. If the inclination is less than 90° then the closest point is below, if greater, then it is above..
Whether the object well is approaching or receding from the current well and at what rate (in ft. per 100ft. drilled). home

By choosing an object well with a 2, the output will be a numeric plot (traveling cylinder) of the current well with respect to the object well.. The results will show all the information (and more) that is normally obtained by manually plotting a survey point:

The 3D minimum distance.
The distance above or below, left or right from the plan trajectory.
The Inc/Azm of the plan at the closest point (that is: the Inc/Azm necessary to be parallel to the plan.)
The difference between the planned and actual Inc/Azm.
A comparison of the curvatures (BUR, Walk, DLS, TFO) of the current and target well paths

The up/down/left/right distances are measured on a plane perpendicular to the path of the plan in 3D (traveling cylinder distance along the plan’s path). The object well need not be in the vertical section plane of the current well. You may, for example, plan a trajectory that will avoid a collision with several object wells, then use the numeric plot to guide your well on a trajectory close to that plan. In this manner you hardly need bother to calculate the minimum distance to each the object wells, since staying on the pre-planned trajectory will guarantee a safe distance from all of them. home

If the display reads "out of range", it means that the closest point is beyond the last survey or above the first survey of the object well. example

To un-select an object well, enter a 0 at its input field.

The Anticollision routine is also accessible from the projection options menu. With this option, you can project ahead from the current well and make a least distance or numeric plot from that projection without first having to save the temporary projections file in a permanent file.
If you've created a planned trajectory and you wish to systematically calculate the distance from each individual Interpolated station on that plan to other wells, then you may use the following procedure:

Save the plan in a file with a name of your choice.
Make the plan the current well and use [GoTo] to reset the survey pointer on the plan to the tie-on or the survey where you wish to start the calculation.
Initiate survey re-calculation by accessing survey entry and pressing [ENTER] without entering a new survey.
Immediately pause survey calculation by pressing any key.
While an intermediate survey result is showing press the [ANTI] menu key to access the Anticollision menu.
When done with the anticollision calculation press the [RESU] (resume) menu key to continue with the survey calculations.
Continue with 4. above. home

6.1 When an object well is initially targeted, the program must calculate through that well's surveys to find the interval where the closest point is located. Depending on the size of the object well's file or where the survey pointer is set (on the object well) it may take a couple of minutes to find the proper interval. However, on subsequent calculations, the program knows where to start looking and the process will take a few seconds.

If several object wells are chosen, the program will run through the calculations for all of them without stopping to show intermediate results, (however, intermediate results will be visible while calculations are ongoing. Note the hour glass enunciator in the status area). After all calculations are done, a longer beep will be heard and the Anticollision menu will be showing again, but with a new option: [REVU]. Press this menu key to see the results in quick succession.

It is recommended, at the beginning of the job, to choose all the object wells that will be of interest and run the Anticollision program. This will set the survey pointers on each of them to a survey close the current well's coordinates. The program will subsequently take a few seconds to do all the calculations. See the [RESET] function in the utilities menu below. home

7.0 UTILITIES

Pressing the [UTIL] (D) key on the Main menu (in turn, accessed from the Survey menu) accesses the Utilities menu and offers the following optional:

7.1 [ DEL ] (A) used to delete a particular well file.

7.2 [COPY] (B) used to make a copy of a well file under a different name.

7.3 [TRFR] (C) used to initiate transfers of well files to/from a PC (see printing below) or between HP48’s through the IR port.

It is not possible to transfer well files between the HP49g+ and earlier models

7.4 [BKUP] (D) used to compress and store or to decompress and restore a well file to/from a port. If you do not have a RAM card, then the only port available is port 0, which is part of main RAM. In this case it may still be advantageous to backup some of the well files in order to un-clutter some of the displays or simply to save memory. The compression routine will compress files by well over 60% in most cases. The HP49g and HP49g+ versions will store the compressed well file in port 2 (flash) by default. home

7.5 [RESET] (E) used to perform the following functions:

If you suspect that some of the data has gotten scrambled, [RESET] will:

Reinitialize to zero all the variables, this is equivalent to recreating the EASY directory without deleting existing wells.
It will detect all the existing well files and update correctly the "WEL" variable which contains a list of existing wells.
It will resent to their respective tie-on’s the survey pointers of all existing wells. This will insure that when these well files get recalculated to bottom it will be done correctly.
If you are starting a new well on a platform, and you do not wish to have the Anticollision program calculate backward each of your chosen object wells (to find the closest point to each of them,) you can use [RESET] to reset all the well’s survey pointers to their respective tie-on’s simultaneously. home

8.0 HYDRAULICS

Pressing the [HYD] (B) key on the Main menu accesses the Hydraulics program. The program will convert #jets to TFA and vice-versa, pressure drop at the bit given a flow rate and TFA and vice-versa, annular pressure loss in laminar or turbulent flow, and the bore pressure loss. A D P variable is available to which you can accumulate the pressure drop of the individual components of the BHA to obtain the total circulating pressure drop.

8.1 Press [UNITS] (C) on the Main menu to set the Hydraulics Units. Metric and English units are available and can be chosen in any mix. The OD's/ID'S are always in inches. example

9.0 PRINTING

HP48 only: All the result screens are accompanied by a [PRINT] menu key, pressing this key will send a copy of the LCD display (minus the menu bar) to the HP thermal printer. Furthermore, pressing the [ON][1] keys simultaneously, will send a copy of any LCD display to the printer. If you press the [PRINT] key and there is no printer to communicate with, the calculator will attempt to communicate for about 10 seconds and then continue with the program.

A PC program is available called EASY.exe. EASY.exe is a DOS survey program that will calculate and produce a survey printout presentable to the customer. EASY.exe will also receive/send survey files from/to the HP48/49. Simply connect your calculator via a serial cable to your PC COM port, run EASY.exe and follow the instructions on the PC screen. home

The HP49g+ represents a special case as it connects to the PC via USB. To create a survey listing first you must access the “Create transfer file for HP49g+” accessed as follows Main Menu® UTIL® TRFR® 49g+ and choosing the well file you wish to print. This will created a file in a special format that EASY.exe can use and store it in the HOME directory. Next you must transfer this special file (which will have the same name as the well file you wish to print) by connecting the HP49g+ to the PC using Conn4x which is the HP supplied software for communicating the PC and the HP49g+. After connecting the calculator to the PC, the right side of the Conn4x window will show the contents of the calculator’s HOME directory. The file you wish to print should be displayed. Right click on that file and choose Cut from the menu that opens. Next open the folder where EASY.exe is stored right click, choose Paste and finally double click on EASY.exe.
If your PC is running operating system other than Windows XP, proceed normally to print the survey listing.
Under Windows XP follow the following procedure. At the print menu, choose to “print to file”. A file will be created with the format wellname.rtf. While the folder containing EASY.exe is displayed, double click on this file and it will open with MS Word. From the MS Word File menu, choose Page Setup and modify the right/left margins to 0.5”. Press Ctrl plus the A key and the whole text will be selected. From the Format menu choose Font and then choose Font 8. Finally print the listing normally.

10.0 MISCELLANEOUS

A utility is available which allows you to save any result screen for later viewing. To use this function, when the result you wish to save is being displayed, simply press the S (save) key. To view this result screen while anywhere in the program press the R (review) key.

Normally, to change the current well, you must first access the Main Menu and from there the Survey Menu. The program requests that you enter a new or existing well file. A shortcut is available to perform the same task. While the Survey menu is displayed, type left shift and then the A menu key [SURV]

Data is entered into the program via input forms that allow you to enter either multiple or single values per screen. The tie-on coordinates, for example, are entered all on one multiple value screen. A parameter to be entered is indicated by a prompt, a highlighted field, a default value in the highlighted field, and by a more elaborate explanation right above the menu area. Key in the desired value and press [ENTER], the highlight will move to the next field. You may also use the arrow keys to move the highlight to the parameter you wish to enter.
To Exit the input form, once all the parameters are correct, press [ENTER] or the [OK] (F) keys, (they have the same functionality) without entering a number.
The [ON] and [CANCL] (E) menu keys have the same functionality and will abandon the input form without modifying any of the values.
Pressing the [NXT] key (the L key on the keyboard) will access other menu options within the input form. Pressing the [CALC] (B) menu key will access the calculator stack without exiting the input form. You may then use the calculator normally. Press [OK] (F) or [ENTER] to return to the input form. The value that was left on stack level 1 will be pasted onto the current input form field. home
The other type of input form allows you to enter a single value; the survey's azimuth, for example.
Reverse polish notation (HP) (or algebraic depending on your preference) can be used to enter a calculated value into these forms. For example, the program accepts direction in azimuth form, but you are given a survey in quadrant form: N78W. No need to calculate in your head. At the azimuth prompt, key in: 360 [SPC] 78 - [ENTER]. (in RPN you would type 360 [ENTER] 78 [-]). Use the space [SPC] key to separate numbers, numbers and functions or where you would use [ENTER] on an old style HP calculator. If you make a mistake the program will display ERROR! and give you another chance.

HP49: Since this calculator can also operate in algebraic mode then, if this is your preference, the example above would be entered as: 360 - 78 [ENTER]

The HP48 does not have the polar to rectangular conversions as implemented in other HP calculators, but Easydrill does:
To convert polar to rectangular, key in: [angle] [ENTER] [displacement] [a ] P2R [ENTER]. (keying [angle] [SPC] [displacement] [SPC] [a ] P2R [ENTER] will also work.) The x (N-S) coordinate will be in stack level 2 and the y (E-W) coordinate in level 1. To convert rectangular to polar, key in: [x coordinate] [ENTER] [y coordinate] [a ] R2P [ENTER]. The angle will be in stack level 2 and the displacement in stack level 1.
Note that for directional drilling applications North is the y coordinate and x is the East coordinate, however, from algebraic (and HP)
conventions x is the coordinates from which angles are measured. For directional drilling the N-S coordinate is the reference from which angles are measured and therefore it is really the x coordinate from an algebraic convention, though not from a directional drilling convention. This will be an eternal source of confusion. home

Example 6: You are entering a target’s coordinates. You are given the target’s horizontal displacement and vertical section plane azimuth only. While at the target entry input form, after entering the target TVD, the N-S input field is highlighted. Press the [NXT] key ( L on the keyboard) to access the second page of the input form menu. Press the [CALC] menu key. The calculator stack will be displayed. Key in [Vertical Section azimuth] [ENTER] [Horizontal displacement] [ENTER] [a ] P2R [ENTER]. The N-S displacement will be in stack level 2 and the E-W coordinate will be in stack level 1. So you need to press [left shift] [SWAP] to put the N-S coordinate in level 1. Press the [OK] menu key to return to the input form. The calculated N-S displacement, which was in the stack level 1, will be pasted on the N-S field of the input form. Use the down arrow key to highlight the E-W input field on the input form and press the [CALC] menu key again. The number (0) which was in the E-W input field of the input form will be in stack level 1 but the previously calculated E-W displacement will still be in stack level 2. Simply press [left shift][DROP] to drop the E-W displacement into level 1 and press [OK] to return to the input form. The E-W displacement, which was in the stack level 1, will be pasted onto the E-W input field of the input form.

Note: It is actually not necessary to press left shift prior to pressing [DROP] or [SWAP] to obtain this functions although you might have a hard time finding this fact in the manual. home

Normally, the HP48's [a ] toggle works as follows: press once, key one letter and [a ] deactivates automatically. If you wish [a ] to remain active, you must press it twice or hold it down while keying in letters. With Easydrill [a ] works like with the HP41; press once to activate and again to deactivate. At all points in the program where letters must be entered, [a ] mode is set automatically (note the a annunciator in the status area.) [a ] mode does not affect the numeric keys.

The [ON][CANCEL] can be used to clear an entry easily. For example, the project to TVD option allows you to enter a 0 to choose a target, however, a previously chosen TVD may be in the place where you just want to type a 0. Rather than typing 0 repeatedly to cover all the digits of the displayed TVD, press the [ON] key to clear the previous entry and then type 0. This is the reason why earlier on this manual it is mentioned that you might have to press [ON] twice to stop a program. The first time you press [ON] will clear the entry and the second will actually stop the program.

The file compression routines used in backup and restore are available for general use. Put the object or its name in stack level 1 and key in [a ] COMPR [ENTER]. The compressed object will be in level 1. To unpack the object, put in level 1 and press [a ] DCOM [ENTER].

The file compression program was written by:

Rick Grevelle

ftg0673@tamsun.tamu.edu

You may run R2P, P2R, COMPR and DCOM from menu keys. Press [Right Shift][LIBRARY]. The [EASYL] menu key will appear, press it to obtain the above menu keys.

The [OFF] (F) function will be available after pressing the [CST] (I)(HP49=[right shift][Custom] (H) key and is also available in the Main menu. [OFF] turns the calculator off while performing a memory clean up operation. You can use this feature to turn the calculator off from any point in the program, when the calculator is turned back on, it wakes up automatically at the Survey menu. You should make it a habit to turn off the calculator in this manner

home.

EXAMPLES


	To install the program, turn the calculator off, insert the ROM card into slot 1 and turn the calculator back on. To restart , press the CST key and then the A menu key. The program can also be restarted by pressing the [ON] key and while holding it down, press the [C] Menu key, then release both.
	To start the survey program press [SVYM] on the Main menu. Enter the name of a new well or press [ENTER] to choose an existing one. Return
	Enter the Tie-On values.
	Specify the origin reference point, Slot in this case
	Return

	Specify the Vertical Section origin. Slot in this case
	Specify the Calculation Method. Minimum curvature in this case.
	Specify the Measure Units. Meters in this case.
	Specify the Dogleg Severity course length. 10 Mts. In this case.
	After all the Tie-On values are entered, you get the option to review, save, or purge all. Return
	The target(s) are entered next.
	If you choose the Help option above, you get this graphic explanation of the target parameters.
	The targets are identified by name, which, unlike the Well name, can be a number. The number of targets is unlimited.
	The target coordinates and size are entered. In this case the coordinates are of the drain entry point so the length is not applicable (observe the diagram above) Note: If you wish to delete a target, press [CANCL] at the target input form.
	The vertical section azimuth is defined next. Return
	If you choose "Line up to Target", you get the option of choosing which target. In this case since there is only one target the choice is not meaningful.
	The Resulting Vertical section azimuth is displayed.
	And the calculated tie-on Vertical Section Displacement. ^
	You are given the option to enter another target or edit the vertical section. Press [CANCL] to exit this menu. Return
	After all the Tie-on, Targets, and Vertical Section Parameters are entered, the Tie-On Modes Edit menu is displayed, if you wish to review any of the entered values, press one of the corresponding menu keys. Otherwise press [SVYM] to return to the survey menu.
	The Survey menu is displayed. Note the TD and MD (pointed survey) measured depths. In this case they are the same.
	Press [SURV] on the Survey Menu to start entering surveys. The next survey: 1855 MD, 63.3 Inc, 69.3 Azm. is entered.
	Note the Prev. option. Simply press the [PREV] menu key and [ENTER] to enter the default previous inclination and/or azimuth.
	Return
	After a survey is entered, the program prompts for the next survey, note the default MD is the previously entered MD. At this point if the [+/-] key is pressed (to make the default MD negative) and then [ENTER], the program deletes the last survey and prompts to reenter it. To initiate survey calculation, simply press [ENTER].
	The survey is calculated and displayed. Note the menu options.
	The Projections Menu is accessed by pressing the [PROJ] menu key. The [® TVD] menu key is pressed to access the Project to TVD option Return
	Type 0 [ENTER] to Choose a target and get its TVD or type in the desired TVD as in this case
	The next screen allows you to choose whether you wish to specify BUR and Walk to reach the specified TVD or the Inclination and Azimuth at the specified TVD. In this case the [BUR] menu option is chosen.
	You wish to make a continuous build plan to reach the target TVD at 90° . Press the [MAXI] menu key and then [ENTER].
	The current hole azimuth is 3° to the left of the vertical section plane so you enter a TFO of 3° R so that the plan will have approximately the V.S. azimuth by the time 90° are reached.
	The maximum DLS/10m that will reach 1504m TVD is calculated and displayed. Press [CONT].
	The survey at the landing point is calculated and displayed. Press the [APND] menu key to append the projection to the Temporary Projections File and access the Projections Options menu Return
	After every projection, when the temp. projections. file is not empty, the Projection Options menu is displayed. Note the [PMD:2032] indicator. P stands for "Projected".
	Next you wish to extend the plan to the end of the Drain. Press the [PR® P] menu key to access the Project from Projection menu.
	Press the [® MD] menu key to project to a specific Measured Depth. Press the [INCL] menu key since you want to specify the Inc/Azm at the end of the drain Return
	Note that when this projection mode is accessed, the default MD is the bottom MD of the temp. projection. file. (not shown) or the last survey if no projections exist. (In this case it was 2031.9.) You could have used RPN notation to enter the desired depth as follows: 2031.9 [SPC] 168.1 [SPC] + [ENTER].
	The final inclination is entered.
	Enter the desired azimuth (the vertical section azimuth in this case)
	The corresponding survey is calculated and displayed Press the [APND] menu key to append to the Temporary Projections File..
	The projections options menu is accessed again. Note the [PMD:2200] indicator on the bottom right. Return
	Press [FILE] to make the temp. proj. file into a permanent file. And enter a name for the new file. PLAN in this case.
	If you do not intend to print the plan then it is not necessary to interpolate and you should choose NONE (not shown) as the desired interpolation interval, otherwise, as in this case you can specify an interpolation C.L.

	And finally you are given the option to make the newly created file also the current file. Return
	The Survey Menu is accessed again, Note the name PLAN on the top right of the screen. Next you wish to find out whether the created plan enters the target within the vertical target tolerance of ± 2 m.
	Press [VIEW] on the Survey Menu to view either all the surveys or the pointed [CURR] survey. Return
	You wish to see all the surveys from the Tie-On in order to get the M.D. of the survey more or less prior to the top of the target tolerance (1502 TVD)
	From this screen the survey at 1975m seems to be adequately behind the landing point to allow a projection to 1502 TVD. Press [ABORT] to exit.
	On the Survey Menu press [EDIT] to access the Edit Menu then press [GoTo] (on the Edit menu) and finally enter the depth (1975) you wish to reset the survey pointer to.
	Return to the Survey Menu and press [PROJ] to access the Projections Menu. Note the [® MD:1975] on the bottom right. Press [® TVD] to project to the top of target TVD tolerance.
	The drain TVD is 1504m so the top of the target tolerance is at 1502 m. Project to this TVD. Return
	Use the default BUR and WALK generated by the program (which are obtained from the survey at 1975m and the one immediately following it (because the survey pointer is not set at T.D.))

	Since it is known that the BUR of 1.51° /10m will reach the target, it is not necessary to check. (although you could if you wanted to and the result would be the same.)
	The projected survey is calculated and displayed. Note the Vertical Section of 947.64m which is less than the V.S. of the drain entry point. (981.30m). This means that the well path will be within the target’s tolerance at the landing point.
	Return to the Survey Menu and then to the Main Menu and back to the Survey Menu to choose DEMO as the current well again. (Every time the Survey Menu is accessed from the Main Menu, the program prompts to enter a new or existing well file) You could also type left shift [SURV] (A) at the Survey menu to switch wells

	The next survey on DEMO is entered. Return
	The next inclination is entered. Note that in this actual example the inclination drops due to a wash out right bellow the shoe.
	The next azimuth is entered.
	The survey is calculated and displayed.
	Press [PROJ] (E) to access the projections menu. Press [OUIJA] on the Projections Menu to access the Dogleg menu. Return
	Press [SLIDE] on the Dogleg menu to access the Slide Projection Menu.
	Press [EDIT] on the Slide Projection Menu to access the Slide Edit Menu.
	Press [ADD] on the Slide Edit Menu to enter the last slide interval (1862-1882).

	Return
	Press [VIEW] on the Slide Edit Menu to view the entered slide intervals. Press [EXIT] to return to the Slide Projection Menu.
	Press [BOTTO] on the Slide Projection Menu to initiate projection to the bit (TD)
	Enter Survey to Bottom (not survey to bit) distance (meters in this case). Return
	The Borehole Geometric Correction is intended to compensate for the fact that the MWD seems to read deeper (because of the way it lies in the hole.) Enter a value of 9’ for 17.5", 6’ for 12.25" and 3’ for 8.5" holes respectively (or the equivalent in meters). The effect is that of shifting the survey depths down by the specified amount.
	The estimated rotating BUR is 0 in this case because the BHA is a lock up configuration. The rotating BUR is assumed to act upon the whole interval between the previous survey and TD.
	The Sliding DLS is assumed to act upon the slide intervals between the previous survey and TD. Note that the effective T.F.? is 118 L even though the motor was oriented to high side, this is probably because the hole was washed out below the casing shoe. The DLS is also higher than the 2.8° /10 meters expected with the motor angle setting.
	You are quite confident that the rotating BUR is 0 so you do not wish to recalculate it. If you’d answered YES, the program would prompt for a new value of the Sliding DLS. The rotating BUR would then be recalculated to fit the slid and rotated intervals.
	From experience you expect a sliding DLS of 2.8° /10m, so you enter this value. It is reasonable to expect the hole not to be washed out this far below the shoe. Note that the slide C.L. is diminished by the geometric correction. (The actual C.L. was 14.7m)
	You held the tool face very close to high side in the interval below the survey so enter 0.
	The projected survey at TD is calculated and appended to the temp. proj. file.
	Returning to the Slide Projection Menu, press [OPT] to access the Projection Options Menu. Return
	Press [ANTI] on the Projection Options Menu to access the Anticollision Menu.
	In the Anticollision Menu press [CHOOS] to choose the object well(s).
	Enter a 0 at the input field of a well to ignore it. If you enter a 1 to choose an existing well, the program calculates the 3D minimum distance, the inclination and azimuth to the closest point and whether the object well is approaching or receding. If you enter a 2, you get the numerical plot (high side traveling cylinder) of the current well versus the object well.
	In this case the numerical plot shows that DEMO is 1.1m below PLAN and that the inclination is 1.9° less and the azimuth is 2.4° to the left of what they should be for DEMO to be parallel to PLAN. Return
	Return to the Projection Options Menu, press the project from Projection option. Access the Dogleg Menu and finally the Slide Projection Menu again.
	Press [NEXT] to access the Next Slide routine.
	The first screen displays the projected bottom inclination and azimuth calculated by the last bottom projection. You may use this routine for other ouija board projections and/or calculations. If you wanted to use the current bottom inclination and azimuth, you could enter the values manually, or press [a ] I0 [ENTER] [a ] A0 [ENTER] [OK] (the variables I0 and A0 contain the values of the current bottom inclination and azimuth)
	Enter the length of the next kelly or stand to be drilled, 29 meters in this case Return
	The default sliding DLS is obtained from the last bottom projection.
	The default rotating BUR is obtained from the last bottom projection.
	The planned BUR of 1.51° /10m is equivalent to 4.38° /per 29m stand. Since the well inclination is 1.9° less than what it should be, building 6.3° in the next stand should be enough to catch up.
	The well azimuth is 2.4° to the left of what it should be so you wish to turn the well 2° R in the next stand.
	The program recommends that 23.5 m should be slid in the next stand with a TFO 16.9° R. In reality the DD decided to slide 25m from 1887 to 1912. The next survey was 1895.6 MD, 68.2° inc., 67.9° azimuth. Lastly, the next TD projection (current depth + sensor to TD distance + next kelly) is appended to the temp. proj. file.
	And the Numerical Plotting Routine is accessed again.
	We see that at the next predicted TD the well path will be 1.6m blow plan but the inclination will be 0.1° above the plan so it should be an easy matter to catch up in the next stand or two. This particular well achieved its landing within 0.2m of the plan. Return
	The following is a "J" well plan example: Access the Survey Menu from the Main Menu and enter the name of a New Plan.
	Since this is a nonexistent well, you will be prompted to enter the Tie-On, measure units, calculation method, etc. The calculation method should always be Minimum Curvature for a plan. Only the Tie-On input form is shown here.
	Enter the target to which the plan will be made.
	Enter the target’s coordinates, note that the target is a square 328’ on a side.
	The vertical section azimuth is entered.
	Target D01 is used to aim at.
	And the vertical section azimuth is calculated and displayed. The Tie-On vertical section displacement is also calculated and displayed (= 0) not shown here.
	From the Survey Menu access then the Projection Menu. (not shown), and then choose the project to TVD option [® TVD]. Project to the desired KOP (1000’) TVD. Return
	The inclination to the KOP is 0°
	Since the inclination is 0° , the direction is undefined, however, the program provides the V.S. azimuth as default. You should use this value for the Numerical Plotting routine to provide meaningful answers in the interval where the plan inclination is 0.
	Skip the internal Maximum DLS calculation. (not skipping it will provide the same answer in this case) And append the KOP projection to the temp. proj. file.
	The resulting projection at the KOP is displayed. Press [APND] to append this projection and access the projections options menu (not shown)
	The project from Projection option is chosen. Press [2D-3D] to access the complex projections routine.
	The first prompt requires you to choose a 2D or 3D projection. In this case, since the rectangular coordinates are at (0,0) it makes no difference.
	The next screen displays the default target (in this case there is only one target) and default offsets from center. If you choose [OK], these will be chosen.
	If you choose [CHNG] in the previous screen then you can change the default target.
	And you can change the default offset from center You could make a plan to any point on the target. In this case the plan is to the center.
	The desired BUR for the plan is 3° /100’. Return
	The final inclination is held to the target. So there is no second curve and the final DLS is 0.
	The plan is calculated and displayed. The result is: build 3° /100’ from KOP to 1993.44’ at which point the final inclination of 29.95° will be reached, then hold 29.95° for 3995.02’ to a depth of 5993.47’ where the target D01 will be reached. Note the [COORD] menu key. Press this key to display the coordinates of the inflection point. Return
	After calculation, the 3D Menu is displayed. Press [OPT] to access the Projection Options Menu.
	Before the Projection Options menu is displayed, you are given the option to append the latest projections to the temp. proj. file (not shown).
	From the Projection Options menu you can press [VIEW] to view the projection stations.
	Press [FILE] on the Projection Options menu to make a permanent file from the temp. proj. file. The name of the originating file was PLAN2.
	Entering the current well name allows you to append the temp. proj. file. to the current well. Return
	The following examples illustrate other possible projections to the target. Sometime later, the well corresponding to the plan just created is drilled. A depth of 2743’ is reached and the survey at this depth is shown here. You wish to know the well’s position, if the last BUR and Turn rate are maintained till target D01 is reached.

	The BUR and Turn rates between this survey and the one immediately preceding it are -0.11° and 0.22 ° /100’ respectively.

	The chosen BUR and Turn are converted to an equivalent DLS/100’ and TFO before the projection is performed. Return
	The projected survey at target D01 is displayed. Note that the resulting turn rate is 0.24° /100’ which is greater than the originally entered 0.22° /100’. This is because the projection is performed using a constant TFO, and as the inclination decreases the turn rate increases.
	Next you wish to know exactly how far from target D01 center will the well path be at the point it intercepts the target plane. Access the Project from Previous Projection Option. And choose the project to target [® TRG] function.
	The distance to Target D01’s center from the point of interception is 42.6’. Note that the Inclination to all points of the target is 90° since the projected point is at the target plane. Add 180° to the azimuth to the center to obtain the azimuth from the center to the point of intersection.
	On another thought you wish to know the relative position of the well from the survey at 2743’ to the outer right corner of the target. Access the Project from Survey Menu and choose the Project to Target Option [® TRG]. Return
	The target is a square 328’ on a side so the outer right corner is displaced 164’ to the right and 164’ out from the target center.
	The coordinates of the selected point are calculated and displayed.
	The instantaneous inclination and azimuth to the selected point on target D01 are 32.28° and 87.75° respectively. The necessary BUR and Turn are 0.10° and 0.34 ° /100’ respectively. Assuming these BUR and Turn values, the well’s inclination and azimuth will be 34.08° and 96.71° respectively when the well path reaches the target plane. In order to reach the target, 3330.95’ will have to be drilled.
	Pressing the [ MCUR] menu key will provide the Minimum Curvature solution. If you wish to append a projected path to a target to the bottom of the temp. proj. file, you need to choose the Minimum Curvature solution since all the other projections performed by the program are done using this method of calculation Return
	The following example illustrates skipping or not the internal Maximum DLS check for the [® TVD] projection. Project again to target D01’s TVD (5415’).
	Enter a BUR of 1 °/100’
	And accept the default turn rate of 0.22° /100’.
	Choose not to skip the internal maximum DLS check.
	A BUR of 1° /100’ and Turn rate of 0.22° /100’ is equivalent to a DLS of 1.01° /100’ at a TF? of 6.06° R, the program calculates that to reach 5415’ TVD the maximum allowable DLS is 1.001° /100’ (with TFO 6.6° R)
	Press [CONT] to calculate and display the projected survey at 5415’ TVD.
	If, on the other hand , you choose to skip the internal maximum DLS check, the program ignores the desired TVD if it cannot be reached. And projects using the entered BUR and Turn rates. Return
	The maximum TVD that can be achieved with a BUR of 1° /100’ and Turn rate of 0.22° is 5398.41’. Note that the resulting Turn rate is 0.10° /100’ and not the originally entered 0.22° /100’. This results from the constant TFO calculation. The walk rate decreases as the inclination increases.
	Following is a 3D projection example: Starting at the 2743’ survey, you wish to create a plan that will be right on the PLAN2 path at 5000 TVD. Access the [2D-3D] option on the Projection menu. The first prompt offers the option to choose another well path as the target. If you answered NO at this point you would be asked to choose a target from the current well’s target set.
	Choose PLAN2 as the target well.
	Indicate that you wish to intercept the PLAN2 path at 5000’ TVD.
	PLAN2 is searched for its coordinates at 5000 TVD. The calculated coordinates are relative to DEMO2’s origin. If DEMO2 and PLAN2 did not share a common origin, then their slot and Tie-On coordinates should define their offset as per the instructions in the text of the manual.
	The initial curvature is specified. Note that this number is positive independent of whether the inclination will increase or decrease in the corresponding interval.
	The final curvature is entered Return
	The default inclination is obtained from the inclination of the PLAN2 path at the point of interception. If you had projected to a target, then you would have to specify the desired inclination at the target. The inclination at the target needs to be specified only if the Curve-Hold-Curve projection is chosen.
	The azimuth at the target is specified. The same criteria apply as above.
	The projected path is calculated and displayed: With an initial and final DLS/100’ of 1° , The well path should drop to 29.52° and turn to 83.28° from 2743’ to 2996.53’. The inclination and azimuth are maintained to 5366.04’ at which point the inclination is increased to 29.95° and the azimuth turned to 80.64° to a depth of 5503.66’ where the path of PLAN2 will be intercepted. Return
	Pressing the [COORD] menu key displays the inflection points for the selected projection.
	Following is an example of a 2D projection: Reenter the 2D-3D projections program. Project from the bottom survey at 2743’ and choose "Yes" for the 2D solution.
	Since the azimuth at 2743’ is 78.8° and the vertical section azimuth is 80.64° the 2D approximation will create an instantaneous error of 0.94° which is quite acceptable.
	Choose target D01 again.
	Note that the target offset parameters screen does not offer the right/left option since this value is fixed. Return
	The selected coordinates on target D01 are calculated and displayed. Note that the path chosen is 56.02' displaced to the left of the plan line.
	Consider target D01 now as the entry point of a horizontal drain we wish to enter at 89° . We know that to enter target D01 at 89° The well’s inclination must first be dropped but we don’t know at what rate nor to what angle. Press the (A) menu key to enter "??" for the initial Drop Off rate.
	The final build to 89° should be at a rate of 4.5° /100’
	Finally enter the desired entry inclination of 89°
	Observe the iteration as it progresses. Normally the program will detect if a valid solution can be found. If it becomes evident that no solution will be found, press the [ON] key to abort calculations and return to the 3D projections menu. (note the message in the menu area)
	The final solution is: Drop at a rate of 2.26°/100 to a depth of 4265.35’ which represents a C.L. of 1522.35’. and final inclination of 3.66° at an azimuth of 260.64° (180° from the V.S. direction). Then build at a rate of 4.5° /100’ in the V.S. direction of 80.64° to the depth of 6324.44’ which represents a C.L. of 2059.09’ , at which point the target will be entered with an inclination of 89° and azimuth of 80.64°
	Press the [COORD] (C) menu key to see the coordinates of the inflection point where the Drop rate of 2.26° /100’ changes to a build rate of 4.5° /100’
	Continuing from this point the 3D Projection Menu is accessed, go to the Options Menu and press [VIEW] to see the projection stations. Make a permanent file from the projections you’ve just made. Thereafter, use all the tools provided by the program to follow the newly created path. Return
	The Hydraulics Program: The Hydraulics Units choose menu. English units are used internally independent of which units are chosen for display.
	Page 1 of the Hydraulics Menu. If you wish to accumulate (see below) a predetermined D P, for example 200 PSI for the MWD, use the Pressure Drop® Jets option, Specify the desired D P and ignore the resulting TFA.
	Page 2 of the Hydraulics Menu. If you wish to calculate the total pressure loss for BHA + annulus, first Zero the D P variable and then calculate and accumulate the pressure drop for each individual BHA section. Return
	Press [right shift][Library] [EASYD] (menu key) to display the Easy Library menu options. Press [MME] to access the Main Menu from any directory. Press [R2P] or [P2R] for rectangular to polar and polar to rectangular conversions. Press [COMP] and [DCOM] for object compression or decompression. Great care has been taken to make the program fool proof. However, in the unlikely event that the program starts giving scrambled answers, press [RESET] on this menu. This will reinitialize all the variables. Existing well files will NOT be deleted home
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